This excellent
article by María Páez
Victor, neatly packs into one most of the sometimes disperse conspiracy
theories the Venezuelan government has been deploying in recent years.
Páez Victor breaks
what she calls “the cacophony of misinformation about Venezuela,” by mostly
repeating the cacophonic themes of the government’s media apparatus
(Unfortunately, the links to the many endnotes in her article do not seem to be
working.)
As Greg Weeks noted (@GregWeeks),
not many writers claim today that Maduro’s is the “legitimate,
democratically elected Venezuelan government that represents the hitherto
marginalized, impoverished, traditionally abandoned popular classes,” as Páez
Victor bravely states in her opening lines.
Hybrid War is the all-encompassing name Páez Victor uses for the “second
generation” warfare the Venezuelan government claims its enemies are waging.
Explains the author: “Hybrid warfare, or war of the second generation, is ‘a
military strategy, which employs political warfare and blends conventional
warfare, irregular warfare and cyber-warfare with other influencing methods,
such as fake news, diplomacy, lawfare and foreign electoral intervention’.”
(quoting an unknown source as the endnotes are broken.)
Páez unfortunately
only glosses one of chavista’s
favorite conspiracy themes “The untimely and mysterious death of Hugo Chávez.”
She does, however, pay special attention to the “Cyberattack on the electricity
system” as an explanation for the most recent electricity blackouts. Despite
the immense disruption the blackouts have produced, Páez finds “however
remarkable beyond any expectation that no riots, no social unrest occurred: the
people were calm, knowing they were under attack and that this was not the
inefficiency of their government.”
Follows a long
reconstruction of Venezuelan history as a class-racial-antiimperialist struggle,
leading up to Hugo Chávez hierophany and the creation of a new popular state,
now at war with a “fascist force backed
by the USA.”